To All the Graf Writers Whos Art Was Dissmised as Filth

Wikipedia glossary

A number of words and phrases that have come to describe unlike styles and aspects of graffiti and its subculture. Similar other jargon and colloquialisms, some of these terms may vary regionally, taking on different meanings across different cities and countries. The following terminology originates primarily in the United States.

A–D [edit]

angels

Famous or respected graffitist who have died.^[ane] The people who admire them tag their names on a wall with halos higher up them^[1] or make tribute pieces with their faces or tag with the dates of their birth to death.

all metropolis

The state of beingness known for i'southward graffiti throughout a urban center.^[2] Originally, this term meant to exist known throughout the 5 boroughs of New York City through the medium of subway cars.

autorack

Type of freight rail car that is alpine, long, depression, and apartment.

back-to-back

Graffiti that covers a wall from finish-to-end, as seen on some parts of the West-Berlin side of the Berlin Wall. Similarly, trains sometimes receive cease-to-end painting when a carriage has been painted along its unabridged length. This is oftentimes abbreviated as e2e. End-to-ends used to be called window-downs just this is an older expression that is falling from popularity.

backjump

A speedily executed throw upward or panel slice.^[3] Backjumps are usually painted on a temporarily parked train or a running bus.

bencher

An private who takes photographs of graffiti. The term originated in New York when the graffiti writers and non-graffiti writers would sit on benches at train stations waiting for the trains to go by to take pictures and admire graffiti.

black volume

A graffiti artist'southward sketchbook. As well known as a "piece book." It is often used to sketch out and program potential graffiti, and to collect tags from other writers. It is a author's most valuable property, containing all or a bulk of the person's sketches and pieces. A writer's sketchbook is advisedly guarded against the police force and other authorities, as it tin exist used as material show in a graffiti vandalism case and link a writer to previous illicit works.^[4]

blockbuster

A big graffiti with uncomplicated, legible letters. Oftentimes painted by a brush or a roller.

bite

To steal another graffitist'due south ideas, name, lettering or color schemes. Seasoned graffitists will often mutter nigh toys that bite their work.^{[5] [6]}

bomb

To bomb or hitting is to pigment many surfaces in an area. Bombers oft choose to paint throw-ups or tags instead of circuitous pieces, as they can be executed more than quickly.^{[vi] [7]}

vitrify

To remove painted graffiti with chemicals and other instruments, or to paint over it with a flat color.^{[5] [6]}

fire

To beat out a competitor with a style. To rat out an accomplice or crime partner either intentionally or unintentionally.

Illegal pieces usually painted in places that are hard to control.

burner

1. A large, more than elaborate blazon of piece. The piece could be said to exist "burning" out of the wall, billboard, or train-side. Because they accept so much time and effort, burners in downtown areas are more than probable to exist legal pieces, painted with the consent of the property owner. The early writers of New York Urban center also did burners illegally on trains, and audacious modern writers sometimes still do large-scale illegal pieces in heavily trafficked areas.^{[6] [8]}

ii. More recently, any quick chrome bombing or throwup.^{[ citation needed ]}

burning

Whatsoever work having non been removed.^[ix] "That piece is still burning on primary street."

cannon(due south)

A slang term for spray pigment cans.^[ix] This term is thought to originate in Brooklyn, New York.^[ix]

cap

ane. The nozzle for the aerosol paint tin can, likewise referred to as "tips."^[9] Different kinds are used for different styles.^[9] New York Thins, Rustos, and New York Fats are the most commonly used caps.

2. To slash or in whatever other fashion ruin a piece made by others.^[9] Derives from a writer named "Cap" who was infamous for making throw-ups over others' pieces.

crew

MTA crew blockbuster in the Los Angeles River

A coiffure, krew, or cru is a grouping of associated graffitists that often work together. Crews are differentiated from gangs in that their chief objective is to pigment graffiti, although gang-like activity may occur. Matthew O'Deane (formerly of San Diego District Attorney Investigators Foundation) described in 2016, taggers have become more trigger-happy and gang-similar than in the earlier times.^[10] Any group of friends tin quickly and informally form a crew if they are interested in graffiti and want to start conspiring. Frequently crews will recruit new members over fourth dimension in order to maintain their relevance. There is a smaller risk of being held responsible for crew works if a single member gets arrested. From a legal point of view, the name could have been painted by anyone in the grouping.^{[v] [6]}

Tagging crew names are usually iii letters, but can exist two to v letters long. The messages are abbreviations of the total crew name. Numbers in crew proper name tin exist derived from many things such every bit the alphabet squence (1=A, 2=B, iii= C....), telephone keypad numbers (2=A, B, or C; 3=D, Due east or F), area codes, or penal codes or a combination of these.^[10]

domming

A color-mixing technique done by spraying ane color over another while it is nevertheless wet, so rubbing the two together. Sometimes an abrasive like sand is used to create different effects. The term is derived from "condom," equally a reference to its synonym prophylactic and is sometimes called fingering, as it is commonly done with i'south fingers.

dropsy

A ransom.

dress-up

To completely write all over a specific surface area like a door-manner, wall or window that is untouched.

dubs

London/United kingdom fashion of graffiti executed in silver or chrome paint. Usually, on railway walls or street locations, it is washed quickly by a crew or group of writers.

E–K [edit]

end-to-end (...)

The contrary of pinnacle-to-bottom – significant a train-car covered with pigment from one side of it to the other. Used as an adjective and non-commonly as a noun.^[11]

etch

The use of acid solutions intended for creating frosted glass, such every bit Etch Bathroom, to write on windows. In Kingdom of norway, some trains take even been taken temporarily out of service considering of the acid tagging, which is potentially dangerous for other people's wellness.^[12]

fat cap

A nozzle used for broad coverage; while applied for quickly applying fill colors, well-nigh are also useful for thick outlines as well every bit lettering. When used for lettering, most fat caps can produce a feature flare by increasing the distance between the tin and the canvas mid-spray.

fills or fill ins

A piece of graffiti that is either filled in a rush or a solid make full, also referred to equally bombs, throw ups, or throwies. A fill is also the interior base of operations color of the slice of graffiti.

burn extinguisher

A burn extinguisher that has been filled with diluted paint (typically of the latex variety) for the purpose of utilizing the pressurized pigment to quickly produce big tags. Due to decreased control ane has over the application of paint when using this method, it tends to consequence in a sloppier, far less polished look. While tags are the most mutual use for this technique, throwups are not unheard of.

gallery, also g

Locations such equally overpasses and walls facing railroad train tracks that are secluded from the full general public but are popular with writers. Since annihilation that is written is probable to stay for a while, an aggregating of styles and skills can be viewed.

German Montana

A specialty brand of paint marketed for graffiti. Not to be confused with the older Castilian brand, Montana Colors.

getting upwards

To develop your reputation or "rep" through writing graffiti. (see King)

ghost

The mark left after pigment or ink has been unsuccessfully buffed.

going over

To "become over" a piece of graffiti only means to paint on acme of it.^[6] While most writers respect one some other's artwork, to intentionally and disrespectfully paint on summit of some other'southward piece of work is akin to a graffiti proclamation of war. However (due partially to the limited amount of desirable wall-infinite) most graffiti writers maintain a hierarchy of sorts; a tag tin legitimately exist covered by a throw-up, and a throw-up by a piece, and this is commonly done without incident. If a piece has previously been slashed (or "dissed"), it is too adequate for some other author to become over it. To violate these guidelines, or to simply pigment lower-quality graffiti on top of a higher-quality work volition apace characterize a writer equally an annoyance, or "toy." This is unsafe as almost crews and writers will react with physical violence and/or by repeatedly going over writers non respecting their self-claimed rank in the hierarchy.

hat (award-among-thieves)

A person who is described as wearing a "hat" is a graffitist who is considered trustworthy in the graffiti community. A person who knows a lot of data almost other graffitists but does non spread such knowledge to the authorities. "Don't worry well-nigh him, he wears a dope chapeau"

head

1 Like to a king or queen, a "head" is a writer who has much skill and a high reputation amongst other writers in his area.

two Also "O.One thousand. Head" (for Original, or Original Gangsta).

heavens

Spots that are challenging to graffiti but in highly visible locations with heavy exposure. Billboards, state highway signs, and tall bridges are potential examples, but the object itself does non determine whether or not it offers a heaven spot, equally factors such every bit the amount of civilian and law enforcement traffic that passes within view of the target besides as the physical dangers inherent to reaching the spot in question generally must be nowadays to qualify. A billboard in the eye of rural region poses little challenge even to many novice graffitists, while one in a decorated part of a major urban center requires careful premeditation to pull off successfully. Graffitists pursue these spots for the increased exposure and notoriety they provide. This term also encompasses a double-significant as the locations are ofttimes very dangerous to paint at that place and it may lead to expiry, thus, going to heaven (besides known as "hitting upward the heavens").

Highway sign graffiti, or a 'Heaven' in San Francisco c. 1997

hollows

Likewise referred to as "outlines" and "shells." A hollow is a throwup that consists only of an outline (and perhaps a shadow event) with no fill.

insides

Graffiti washed inside trains, trams, or buses. In 1970s New York, there was as much graffiti inside the subway trains every bit outside, and the same is true of some cities today (like Rome, Italia and Melbourne, Commonwealth of australia). While nevertheless very common, insides are often perceived as being less artistic.

king

Graffitists of the highest accomplishments.^[13] Kings or queens (feminine) are writers especially respected among other writers. This is sometimes separated into "within" and "outside" kings. To be a king of the inside means y'all have virtually tags inside trains (to "own the inside"), and to "ain the exterior" means having most pieces on the train surface. There are kings of style among a variety of other categories and the term is regionally subjective. For case, in Los Angeles, a King would be someone who has achieved that status for years-long runs in their graffiti, style, ups, and originality. Self-declared kings volition often incorporate crowns into their pieces; a ordinarily used chemical element of style. However, the people must exist very self-confident when doing it, since other swell writers tend to slash out cocky-proclaimed kings who have not gained that rank yet in their eyes. Typically a writer can only become a king if another rex with that status already has expressed so.^{[6] [14]}

Krylon

A pigment brand that was ane of the well-nigh popular with writers, it is idea of virtually synonymous with graffiti, due to general quality and availability. Heavily used during the hey-day of the New York City Subway graffiti era during the early 1970s to belatedly 1980s, it has a nostalgic condition. Starting in mid-2008, the make introduced a generation of paint can design with an irremovable cap system that sprays a rectangular coverage instead of the circular coverage preferred by writers. The paint quality is runnier and translucent in comparison to graffiti specialty brands. Sherwin Williams, Krylon'south parent company, has dominated a pregnant portion of the paint market and many retail outlets stock simply Krylon paints. For this reason, Krylon is categorized into 3 groups.

• 360 krylon – from the "Ez touch 360 punch control" label
• triple krylon – from the "No Runs, No Drips, No Errors" label
• original krylon – The showtime line of cans, sought later on as a collectors' item

It is considered to be an indication of being a toy if one chooses 360 Krylon^{[ commendation needed ]}

L–P [edit]

landmark

When an private or crew tags on a certain location that becomes very difficult for removal, or is obscure and hidden from the buff. This will usually be demarcated with a signature that documents the time that they were written. Graffiti that is considered a "landmark" has unremarkably been in place for at least 5 years. These spots are highly respected past other writers, and to go over them can warrant disfavor.

legal

A graffiti slice or production that is made with permission.

lock on

Sculptural street art in a public space, chained or locked to public article of furniture. The lock on way is a "not-subversive" form of underground art.

married couple

Two simultaneous whole cars painted next to each other.^[6] Some graffitists make fun of the term by connecting the two paintings across the car-gap oft in a humorous or obvious way to signal the matrimony. (Subway cars permanently coupled and sharing a single air-compressor and electrical generator between them are technically married pairs.)

massacre

When municipal government take down or comprehend up an accumulation of tags and pieces, leaving a blank space.

mop

A type of homemade graffiti marker used for larger tags that often has a circular nib and leaves a fat, drippy line. Mops may be filled with various inks or paints.

mural

Come across, piece.

one-liner

A tag, throwie, or flop written in ane constant motion. These may be done with whatsoever writing utensil. The tip or nozzle of the writing implement does non lift from the sail until the tag is complete.

paint-eater

An unprimed surface such as raw forest or physical that eats up standard spray pigment. If a location has been given the reputation of being a "paint eater" than in such cases a thicker paint should be used. Additionally, writers can use house paint to prime the surface before painting.

painters touch

A brand by Rust-Oleum that is favored for quality and general availability.

paste-upwards

A drawing, stencil, etc. on paper stock-still to a wall or other surface using wheatpaste or wallpaper paste

patch

A tag that has been buffed by being painted over usually by gray paint or "patched" over.

pichação

A unique, Brazilian grade of tagging found in that land characterized by its distinct, cryptic manner.

slice (short grade of masterpiece)

A large, complex, and labor-intensive graffiti painting. Pieces often incorporate iii-D effects, arrows, and many colors and color-transitions, also every bit various other effects. These will usually be done by writers with more experience. Originally autograph for masterpiece, considered the total and most beautiful work of graffiti). A piece requires more time to paint than a throw-up. If placed in a difficult location and well-executed information technology will earn the writer more respect. Piece can also exist used every bit a verb that ways: "to write."^{[half dozen] [15]}

PT

Painters Impact brand by Rust-Oleum.

punition

Form of graffiti that consists in repeating the same give-and-take endlessly covering a whole surface. It comes from the punition lines that kids do at schoolhouse.

R–W [edit]

racking

Shoplifting of supplies to exist used either directly or indirectly in the product of graffiti.^[10] In certain segments of graffiti culture there exist writers that look downwardly on those that pay for supplies that could easily be stolen. With the advent of companies specializing in producing supplies for writers over the final couple decades, this attitude is now mostly reserved for supplies purchased from non-specialty retailers (e.chiliad. hardware stores, arts/crafts/hobby shops, etcetera), with specialty "graffiti brands" generally only bachelor through retailers less convenient to shoplift from.

Acquiring supplies through various forms of fraud tin can too be referred to as "racking" in some circles, though this use is far less common, as is besides the use of fraud as a means to larn writing supplies (largely reserved simply for items that cannot be conveniently shoplifted, such every bit those in locked cages or backside display counters).

coil phone call

a form of graffiti that lists out a partial or total roster of graffiti crew. Sometimes gang members will insert marry gangs into their roll call. Roll calls are more often than not created by gang participants but other graffiti practitioners may use them sometimes.^[16]

roller

A paint roller, or any graffiti created primarily or exclusively through the employ of such a paint roller. Due to the rectangular application pattern inherent to the use of a paint roller, rollers most often make use of block lettering, though some writers that specialize in rollers develop avant-garde techniques to get effectually this shortcoming. Rollers volition generally involve the use of extension poles, with the added reach allowing the writer to place a roller in places that would otherwise crave the use of ladders and/or rope-access gear to reach with a spray can. While rollers come in a range of sizes, they are particularly favored for writing letters larger than can be practically achieved with spray paint lone, and the largest examples of graffiti to be found are virtually all produced every bit rollers. Writers that work with rollers will typically aim to combine size, spot visibility, a color choice that contrasts with the called canvas, and highly legible block lettering, resulting in a roller that's recognizable from much further distances than feasible with spray techniques.

rook

trusted member of a crew.

run

The length of time graffiti remains up earlier being covered or removed. If a piece has been up for a year, it is said to have "run for a year."

Rusto

A popular abbreviation among writers for the brand name Rust-Oleum spray paint.

scribe or scratch

Also called "scratchitti," scribing graffiti created by scratching or incising a tag into an object, mostly using a key, knife, stone, sand paper, ceramic drill fleck, or diamond tipped Dremel scrap. The Mohs calibration of mineral hardness determines which stones or other objects will scratch what surfaces. Peculiarly popular for catching tags on mirrors and windows, when done properly the author'due south mark volition be enduring, remaining until either the chosen sheet is replaced, or the tag in question is obscured past additional scratching.

slam

To paint an extremely conspicuous or dangerous location.

slash

To put a line through or tag over some other writer's work. This generally happens for one of two reasons: either the private being crossed out is considered to be lacking in style and/or originality to the point that another writer considers them an eyesore, or the crossing-out is office of an ongoing disharmonize between two or more writers (or crews). As it takes no skill and very little effort to cross someone out, and even the most incompetent toy can get a serious nuisance once slighted, much of the time writers cantankerous each other out anonymously. Crossing another writer out and taking credit for the deed (by leaving one's tag behind) could be considered either a challenge (of the unfriendly variety) or an assertion of 1's dominance over a given canvas or area, depending upon the particular circumstances. The aggression of writers toward ane another tin can range from negligible to outright hostile depending upon various factors that helped shape the local scene'due south culture, such as the availability of suitable canvases for writing, the ways in which local government and constabulary enforcement approach the "graffiti problem", or fifty-fifty just the relative number of writers in a city'southward population, and the sort of stratification of skill and talent among those actively partaking in the do. In some areas, writers are less probable to cross out their peers without provocation, while in other cities information technology is pretty much a given that anyone just getting started in the discipline volition find themselves constantly crossed out until they either improve or give up. Though the latter surroundings is certainly less welcoming to the novice, this sort of trial-by-fire helps discourage toys from making a mess of the identify, while also pressuring them to better themselves.

Dorsum before photographic camera-phones/smartphones and the proliferation of social media websites, watching to see whether your work gets left alone used to be the only feedback from strangers you had to go off of. It may as well be referred to every bit, capping (see, cap (2) ), crossing out, dissing, going over, antisocial, mark, or to line, as in, "I lined their tag."

soak upwardly

To consider other pieces for inspiration.

Castilian Montana

A way of referring to Montana Colors, a specialty make of paint marketed for use in graffiti. Information technology is unrelated to the German visitor of the same name, and it is common for writers to differentiate between the two in conversation by referencing each company's respective nation of origin.

stainer

Ink used in a marker with the intention of being absorbed by the surface, thus staining the surface and making it much more hard to vitrify.

sticker

Also referred to every bit "labels" or "slaps." A sticker (frequently obtained from shipping companies and proper name greeting labels) with the writer's tag on it. Stickers can be deployed more discretely than other forms of graffiti, making them a pop option for public places such as crosswalk signs, paper dispensers, terminate signs, phone booths, etc. A popular sticker that was used originally was the "Hello my name is" red stickers in which a writer would write their graffiti name in the blank infinite. Reflector stickers, found at hardware stores are sometimes assembled to form a crew meaning, or individual writer'due south moniker.

straight alphabetic character

A directly, blocky, easier to read and simpler style of graffiti, sometimes as well referred to as straights, blockbusters, or simples. Straight letters can exist read by anyone and usually incorporate just two colors and are most commonly completed in arrangements of argent, black, and/or white.

tag (scribble)

A stylized signature, normally done in one color. The simplest and almost prevalent type of graffiti, a tag is often done in a color that contrasts sharply with its background. Tag can also be used as a verb meaning "to sign." Writers often tag on or beside their pieces, following the do of traditional artists who sign their artwork. A less mutual type of tag is a "dust tag," done by smudging the clay of a wall with the fingers. Writers utilise this technique to get up without technically vandalizing. The verb tagging has even become a popular verb today in other types of occasions that are non-graffiti-related. Tagging commencement appeared in Philadelphia, with spraypainted messages of "Bobby Beck In '59" on freeways surrounding the urban center. Since and so, private graffiti scenes have displayed very different forms of tagging that are unique to specific regions. For example, a Los Angeles tag volition look very different from a Philadelphia tag, etc. The offset "king" was also crowned in Philly: Cornbread (graffiti), a student who began marking his nickname around the metropolis to concenter the attentions of a daughter. In New York City, TAKI 183 inspired a newspaper article about his exploits, leading to an explosion of tagging in the early seventies.^[17]

throw-up

A throw-up or "throwie" sits between a tag and a bomb in terms of complexity and time investment. It generally consists of a one-color outline and one layer of fill-colour. Easy-to-paint bubble shapes often course the messages. A throw-upward is designed for quick execution, to avoid alluring attending to the author. Throw-ups are frequently utilized by writers who wish to achieve a large number of tags while competing with rival graffitists. About graffitists accept both a tag and a throw-upwards that are substantially stock-still compared to pieces. It is mostly so because they demand to have a recognizable logo for others to place them and their own individual styles.^{[v] [half-dozen]}

acme-to-bottom

Pieces on trains that cover the whole height of the car.^[vi] A top-to-bottom, end-to-terminate combined production is called a whole-machine. A production with several writers might cover a whole-train, which means the unabridged side of the train has been covered. In the U.S. this term can likewise be used equally a single noun instead of only an adjective.

topping

Painting directly above – only not over – someone else's work. A slightly passive-aggressive 'dis'.

1998 photograph in San Francisco of a Red throw-upward 'topping' a Josh direct letter.

toy

1. Used as an adjective to describe undesirable work, or equally a substantive referring to a novice^[13] or incompetent writer.^[6] Graffiti writers usually use this every bit a derogatory term for new writers in the scene, or writers who are old to the scene and still practise non have any skill or reputation. The act of "toying" someone else's graffiti is to disrespect it by ways of going over it (meet "slash"/"going over").

2. "Toys" often added above or directly on a toy's work. An acronym meaning, "tag over your sstriking."

three. Term "HOT 110" besides refers to graffitists not to be taken seriously.^[xviii]

undersides

Tags or signatures painted on the undercarriage of rider trains. Undersides are normally marked in the yard subsequently painting the train console, most undersides volition final somewhat longer than the original piece, as the railway workers primarily focus on the almost visible things and sometimes exercise not accept resources to make clean everything.

up

Writers become up when their work becomes widespread and well-known.^[vi] Although a author tin can get upwardly in a city past painting only tags (or throw-ups), a writer may earn more than respect from skillfully executed pieces or a well-rounded repertoire of styles than from sheer number of tags. Normally, the more than spots a writer can hit, the more respect he or she gains. Usually, if the writer hits more than spots with better style they will go more respect than someone who simply tags. A writers ups is determined by how much prolific graffiti he/she has accomplished. Writers are considered "up" both in terms of the number of spots they have hit, simply also those that are still running.

whole machine

A unmarried or collaborative slice that covers the entire visible surface of ane side of a train car, usually excluding the forepart and rear of the train. A whole motorcar is usually worked upon past ane or more participants from the same coiffure and is completed in ane sitting.

whole railroad train

All train cars (normally between four and eight or more, regardless of the train length) completely covered with paint reaching the far end of the railroad train on 1 or both sides. Such demanding actions are oftentimes done past multiple participants or crews and with a express variation of colors – usually in black and silver – considering of the stressing fourth dimension limitation they are facing when painting in the railroad train yards (very frequently less than 30 minutes). However, the more participants who participate, the better works tin come out of it and the cars are done quicker too. This type of graffiti, if finished successful, is i of the most respected forms amidst other graffitists, just is also rarer due to the higher risk of getting caught. information technology has also been known that 'crews' of graffiti participants would demonstrate their 'whole cart/train' skills, usually carried out by waiting at a railroad train/metro stop or station, waiting for the railroad train to approach. and so when stopped quickly encompass the total surface area of the cart, this can be finished inside two minutes of the train pulling into the station.

wildstyle

Graffiti with text so stylized as to be hard to read, often with interlocking, three-dimensional blazon.^[6]

window-down (...)

Graffiti that has been painted below the window borders, nearly always covering the whole surface in its length. The term is commonly used as a prefix with whole car, although other variations are possible, too. Tin can be used equally a more than precise culling to end-to-finish, merely not in improver to top-to-lesser as that will exceed the definition of the term.^[6]

woodblock graffiti

Artwork painted on a small portion of plywood or similar cheap material and attached to street sign posts with bolts.^[19] Often the bolts are bent at the back to forbid removal.

author

A practitioner of graffiti who creates graffiti formats for the purpose of graffiti vandalism.^{[16] [vi]}

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} McDonald, F. (2013). The Pop History of Graffiti: From the Ancient World to the Nowadays. Skyhorse. p. pt539. ISBN978-1-62636-291-8 . Retrieved March 23, 2019.
2. ^ Flores, Russell D. (2015). Gang Slanging Dictionary. LawTech Publishing Group. ISBN9781563252655.
3. ^ Peck, A.; Stroud, C.; Williams, Q. (2018). Making Sense of People and Place in Linguistic Landscapes. Advances in Sociolinguistics. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 75. ISBN978-1-350-03799-1 . Retrieved March 23, 2019.
4. ^ "The participants, who didn't keep the traditional type of graffiti black volume, still had a sketchbook and a photograph album that documented and preserved the ephemeral nature of their graffiti paintings." Rahn, Janice. Painting Without Permission: Hip-Hop Graffiti Subculture, Westport: Greenwood, 2002. (p. 205)
5. ^ ^{a b c d} J., Whitford, Maurice (2016). Getting Rid of Graffiti : a practical guide to graffiti removal and anti-graffiti protection. London: CRC Press. ISBN9781135241025. OCLC 1005008219.
6. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f g h i j one thousand l m n o p} Subway Art, Martha Cooper and Henry Chalfant, p27. Henry Holt and Visitor, 1984. ISBN 978-0-8050-0678-0.
7. ^ "Graffitists' slang ... Flop: To use graffiti intensively to a location ... Striking: To tag or bomb a surface" Whitford, M. J. Getting Rid of Graffiti: A Practical Guide to Graffiti Removal, London: Taylor & Francis, 1992. (p. 1)
8. ^ "Burner: A swell slice" Whitford (p. one)
9. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} McDonald, F. (2013). The Pop History of Graffiti: From the Aboriginal World to the Present. Skyhorse. p. pt543. ISBN978-1-62636-291-8 . Retrieved March 24, 2019.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Birzer, Michael; Roberson, Cliff (2016). Introduction to criminal investigation. CRC Press. pp. 131–136. ISBN9781439897485.
11. ^ "Finish to end: A piece covering the entire length of a train wagon." Mcdonald, Nancy. The Graffiti Subculture: Youth, Masculinity and Identity in London and New York, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2001.
12. ^ Aftenposten.no, Norwegian newspaper article most acid tagging (strange language)
13. ^ ^{a b} Immature, Christopher. "Graffiti Culture - Graffipedia". www.graffipedia.org . Retrieved 21 February 2019.
14. ^ "King/Queen: Dominant graffitist on jitney route or hush-hush railway line" Whitford (p. 1)
15. ^ "Piece: Coloured, complex pictorial graffito in spray paint (from masterpiece)" Whitford (p. 1)
16. ^ ^{a b} June, D.Fifty.; Khatibloo, M.; Estevane, G. (2015). The Re-Evolution of American Street Gangs. CRC Press. p. pt241. ISBN978-one-4987-6651-7 . Retrieved March 23, 2019.
17. ^ page 37. New York Times. July 21, 1971.
18. ^ Jr, Ewoodzie, Joseph C. (2017). Break beats in the Bronx : rediscovering hip-hop'southward early years. Chapel Hill. p. 62. ISBN9781469632742. OCLC 960276812.
19. ^ Bingham, Jane (2009-07-01). Graffiti. Capstone Classroom. ISBN9781410934185.

johnsonbetteramer.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graffiti